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The water base that carries and dissolves the other ingredients in most products.
May suit
All hair and skin types.
Worth knowing
Almost always the first ingredient listed in water-based products.
Ceteareth-20Cleansers / surfactants
Emulsifier and surfactant
Helps blend oil- and water-based ingredients to create a smooth, stable formula.
May suit
Those who prefer products with a creamy, uniform texture.
Worth knowing
It is commonly used in conditioners and styling products to keep formulas consistent and easy to apply. It also supports even distribution of other ingredients through the hair.
Cetearyl AlcoholConditioning agents
Fatty alcohol conditioner
A fatty alcohol that helps soften hair and improve the texture of formulations.
May suit
People looking for smoother, more manageable hair or richer, creamier product textures.
Worth knowing
Despite the name, fatty alcohols are moisturising and conditioning rather than drying. They also help stabilise and thicken many haircare formulas.
Cetyl AlcoholConditioning agents
Emollient and texture enhancer
Cetyl Alcohol helps soften the hair and gives products a smooth, creamy texture.
May suit
Those looking for conditioning, slip, or richer textures in their haircare products.
Worth knowing
Despite the name, fatty alcohols like cetyl alcohol are non‑drying and are commonly used to add emollience and stability to formulations.
Sodium CitratepH adjusters
pH adjuster
Sodium Citrate helps maintain or adjust the pH of haircare formulas.
May suit
Anyone using products designed to stay within a specific pH range, such as colour‑treated or chemically treated hair.
Worth knowing
It also has mild chelating abilities, helping formulas remain stable in the presence of minerals found in water. Its use supports the consistency and performance of many shampoos and conditioners.
Citric AcidpH adjusters
pH adjuster
Fine-tunes the product pH, which can help the hair surface feel smooth.
May suit
Most hair types as part of a balanced formula.
Worth knowing
Usually present in small amounts to balance the formula.
GlycerinHumectants
Humectant
Attracts and holds water to help hair feel hydrated and soft.
May suit
Dry or dehydrated hair, and many curl and moisture routines.
Worth knowing
A very common, well-tolerated humectant used across countless products.
Benzalkonium ChlorideConditioning agents
Conditioning agent
A cationic ingredient that helps condition, detangle and reduce static in hair.
May suit
Those looking for smoother-feeling, more manageable hair.
Worth knowing
It also provides preservative support in formulations, which helps maintain product quality. It is widely used in leave-in and rinse-off conditioners.
